In mongrel, all diseases of the skin can be divided into specific plain-spoken groups:
Pyoderma - a pustular infirmity caused by means of pyogenic bacteria (staphylococcus, streptococcus, etc.). Pyoderma is the most proletarian diseases of the fleece of any age group. These catalogue folliculitis, sycosis vulgaris, furunculosis, carbuncles, hydradenitis, impetigo, and numerous others.
Fungal infections - fungal diseases caused via pathogenic fungi: pityriasis versicolor, epidermatofitiya groin, epidermatofitiya conclusion trichophytia, rubrofitiya, candidiasis, blastomycosis, etc.
Viral dermatoses caused not later than divergent viruses: herpes simplex and herpes, warts, molluscum contagiosum.
Confirmed communicable diseases: tuberculosis of the graze, leprosy, Lyme disease.
Parasitic diseases - a fairly customary collection of strip diseases caused alongside miscellaneous pathogens: mites - mange, demodicosis, lice - lice, leishmania - leishmaniasis of the skin.
Allergic - a group of incrustation diseases caused past an allergic outer layer reaction to something. These tabulate allergic dermatitis, toxicoderma, eczema, urticaria.
Neyrodermatozy - diseases caused on the whole before changes in the apprehensive system: itchy flay, atopic dermatitis, prurigo.
Psoriasis - the most stock long-lasting skin plague that affects as nails and joints. The following types of psoriasis: an expected, exudative, seborrheic, palmoplantar, pustular,
Erythrasma, arthropathic, erythrodermic psoriasis.
Diffuse connective accumulation infection characterized by lesions of connective chain subsume lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and dermatomyositis.
Autoimmune bullous dermatosis - a disease, the particular or main morphological mug of which is the bubble: pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, dermatitis herpetiformis Duhring.
Angiitis of the graze (vasculitis) - dermatitis, characterized away nonspecific irritation of blood vessels of varying degrees. There are polymorphous dermal vasculitis, purpura pigmentosa chronic, knotty angiitis.
Genodermatosis - a hereditary decorticate disability, manifested near a variety of pathological processes in the fell: ichthyosis, keratoderma, bullous epidermolysis, Recklinghausen's disease.
Disorders of incrustation appendages (sebaceous glands, tresses and nails) allow for seborrhea, and the virus developing as its consequences (eg, alopecia), acne of all kinds.
Dyschromia of the crust constitute a contravention of its pigmentation, usually caused close to disorders of melanin pigment deposits.
For tumors of the skin seborrheic keratoses are, cutaneous horn, keratoakantoma, precancer of the lamina, basal stall carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and fibroma.
Furunculosis (Latin furunculus boil +-osis) - stafilodermiya, characterized by the constant hint of restored boils at different stages of progress in special parts of the body. Therefore, the condition is defined as a long-lasting relapsing fomenting process.
The most customary sites of localization boils are the clock (the nose and cheeks), neck, shoulders, hips, buttocks. The murrain usually develops on areas of skin trauma, even minutest, in the form of a only target, multiple foci are rare.
Predisposing factors are the same as that of a separate boils (rind contamination, scratches, excessive emitting of sweat blood and sebaceous glands, etc.), as well as the weakening of the protected eminence (defect in neutrophil chemotaxis, hypogammaglobulinemia, immunodeficiency shape in connection with thymoma, diabetes, etc ..) Moderately in many cases there are cases where furunculosis is a complication of other skin diseases such as eczema or scabies.
Sole boils bring out as lone: on the skin deep unpleasant pustule appears bright red in color, reaching 3-5 cm in diameter in the transform of evolving, it begins to stick out beyond everything the conical healthy skin, forming a necrotic core. After 10-20 days, the autopsy is the boil, accompanied by copious purulent necrotic mass. The prepare ends with scarring of the hearth.
The characteristic between single furuncle and furunculosis is that the semblance of multiple boils may worsen the patient: fever may enter into the picture, the persistent complained of general failing, headaches. Blood tests revealed leukocytosis, accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate. Accomplishable complications of the disease chiefly come out when it is localized on the principal (brazen through), neck, meningitis, cerebral sinus thrombosis, sepsis.
Carbuncle - purulent-necrotic inflammation of the hardly curls follicles, which merge to body a single fervent infiltrate. Inveterately develops as a consequence of the same factors that chafe (rind contamination, mayhem, unwarranted secretion of stew glands, diabetes, etc.). The sickness is localized in the dermis and subcutaneous concatenation, the most frequent duty of bearing formations - the to of the neck, shoulders, rear and drop back.
Since the provocative process involves distinct hair follicles, the carbuncle, in contrast to the seethe, a few necrotic cores. Swollen integument is vastly swells, becomes purplish-red and powered to the touch. In coequal, there is deterioration of heterogeneous condition of the tenacious: there is a fever (temperature may rise to 40 degrees), headache, nausea or vomiting, serious cramp at the area of localization of redness, the dogged feels a overall irresoluteness, diminution of appetite.
After a sure period revealed an swollen follicle, forming various openings which are separated pyonecrotic selection. In its area remains a festering chancre top, which slowly heals (2-4 weeks), and leaves behind a rough star-shaped scar.
Treatment of carbuncle has a handful areas:
surgical dissection;
antibiotics and injections of antibiotics around the localization of infection (in the prematurely stages of growth), the party of detoxifying;
UHF;
also appointed past proteolytic enzymes, disinfectants, and ointments epiteliziruyutsya (levomikol, baktroban, TOMICID).
Fungal infections (dermatomycosis syn.) a group of diseases of the skin and its appendages (curls and nails) caused by pathogenic fungi of different genera. They interest a substantial spot quantity the mycoses.
Total the fungal diseases from identified a bunch of groups: tinea, keratomikozy, candidiasis, and a circle of styled past comprehension mycoses. It also includes a group of psevdomikozov, agents which invade an intermediary status between fungi and bacteria.
The most shared fell diseases caused by fungi, are dermatofii, agents which - trihofiton fungi, and mikrosporumy epidermofiton. These number husk diseases eidermofitiya stop rubrofitiya, trichophytia, crusted ringworm. The most conventional of them tinea pedis - athlete's foot and rubrofitiya. Typically caused sooner than red trihofitonom, they can abuse not only the peel of the feet and nails, and other hale and hearty areas of the skin. Factors contributing to the maturity of fungal feet, are breaches of the rules of intimate hygiene, sanitary-epidemic regulation in basins, showers, etc., where the mushrooms can be extended on sodden surfaces, in flat waters.
Less public keratomikozy - fungal diseases affecting lone the superficies areas of the stratum corneum of the epidermis, or cuticle hair. Among the grand keratomikozov pityriasis versicolor, trihosporiyu nodosum.
The do in of the graze, nails and nail ridges observed in the candidiasis - a complaint caused close to fungi of the genus Candida. Infection occurs by means of them in diverse ways, including the circumstance of candidiasis is practical with irrational manipulate of antibiotics, corticosteroids and other drugs, pre-eminent to dysbacteriosis.
The intensely mycoses in Europe are rare - they are symbolic of Africa, South America. Infection occurs when skin microtraumas. On the veneer, there are various bumps, knots, are apt to ulceration. The jeopardy of preoccupied fungal infections is that they strike the deeper layers of pelt, subcutaneous tissue, underlying muscles and in spite of bones and internal organs and often leads to death.
Treatment of fungal diseases is carried manifest using antifungal agents: ointments, creams and solutions (clotrimazole, terbinafine, lotseril, mikoseptin, nystatin, nitrofungin, etc.) and tablets (Lamisil, levorin, Nizoral, Nystatin, Orungal, etc.). If unsympathetic fungus is then required surgery - move of diseased nail.
Wart - a viral dermatosis caused on different types of human papillomavirus (HPV).
There are various types of warts, depending on the typewrite of legate: vulgaris (stock) are caused around pathogens of HPV-2 and HPV-3, plantar - agents of HPV
-1, HPV-2, HPV-4, the downright - the causative agent of HPV-3, spiky - agents of HPV -6, HPV
-11.
Traditional (improper) course of study are almost always observed in childhood and adolescence. They look like pimples incorporate pinkish-gray in color with a strongly thickened, ungracious fa‡ade, whose dimensions break down from 1 mm to 1 cm in diameter. Most frequently they are placed in the hands (the fingers).
Unmodified warts are develop mainly in children and teenaged adults. They are a multiple entire or oviform papules color with a silky to all appearances, reaching 1-3 mm in diameter. Usually located on the face, neck, strongbox, dorsum of hands, can be located linearly, slightly above the unchanging of healthy skin.
Plantar can occur at any duration, they provoke the materialization of micro impede fulsome sweating (hyperhidrosis) feet. This is usually multiple, flat, stiff to the employ with the formation of a wallop surface. Some of them sharply throbbing, extremely those in the strength of pressure during walking.
Genital warts are considered to be diseases, sexually transmitted infections. They are located in the mucous membranes and represent the elements of the nodules, resembling a cock's comb.
Diagnosis of warts is carried free on clinical grounds without difficulty.
Molluscum contagiosum - a viral infection dermatosis.
The causative delegate of molluscum contagiosum is a virus pathogenic for humans. The virus is transmitted around direct get in touch with (including procreative) and entirely the put of stereotyped items (washcloths, sponges, towels, etc.). The disease is more common in preschool children. In persons of midway and old age murrain provoking factors are long-term treatment of corticosteroids and cytostatics. Then the complaint is accompanied aside HIV infection or other diseases, sexually transmitted infections, as an indirect ensign of them.
The incubation period is 2 weeks - 2-3 months. The disease is manifested at near the illusion of the coating inroad of the virus in places, creative, translucent nodules of pink or grayish-yellow color. The amount of such nodules ranges from several mm to 1 cm in the center of the locale detected a slight indentation. When you click on an matter from the deepening of the central allocation is whitish sallow mass.
The number of emerged nodules may be original: one most located on the face, neck, side with of hands; multiple can be localized anywhere on the skin and grouped into peewee pockets. In the victim of the virus into the body owing to sexual friend molluscum contagiosum on numerous occasions localized to the pubic extent, genitals, inner thighs. In some patients, the elements tend to merge, transforming into a large tumor-like formations with stormy edges - the so-called "colossus clam".
If untreated, some elements of molluscum contagiosum can vaporize on their own, but the synchronous surfacing of unique elements in the theretofore awkward areas of skin.
Psoriasis (psoriasis vulgaris),
Boil - a chronic disease of the graze, nails and joints, characterized about the demeanour on the pellicle monomorphic rash. The rash is a decarbonated papules of diverse sizes that have to commingle into liberal pink-red plaques with silvery scales covering white.
At the point in time it is inseparable of the most common chronic diseases of the skin. It is suggested that psoriasis is simulated not one the skin, nails and joints, but also some internal organs (eg kidneys). However, this picture is not scientifically proven.
There are several theories with regard to the origin of the disease: viral, genetic (genetic predisposition to increased room growth), neurogenic (predisposition of the nervous arrangement) and others.
In psoriatic skin revealed acanthosis and papillomatosis natty, customary of parakeratosis. Thinned epidermis, consists of two or three rows of cells. In the basal layers of the epidermis and the spiculose mitoses start in the papillary dermis - the flourishing of capillaries, the frantic infiltrate.
The advancement of the condition is characterized by a multifariousness of start: the ailment can start on the verge of unnoted by the unswerving with the arrival of multiple papules and may distinct sudden spread of the shell surface scars. The malady is caused not later than the seasons: accordingly, the most ordinary "winter" sort with exacerbations during the emotionless ready, at least - "summer". Also, then there is a half-bred prototype of exacerbation which arise at any someday of year.
There are a number of forms of the blight: psoriasis ordinary exudative, pustular, seborrheic, hand-foot, arthropathic, psoriatic erythroderma.
Dermatitis - graze lesions of an fervid personality, resulting from man impact on it. There are plain and allergic skin lesions.
The appearance of dull-witted dermatitis occurs when exposed to obligate stimulus: chemicals (acids, alkalis), real striking (superior or small temperatures - a fritter away or frostbite, dispersal, colourless underscore, charged up to date, etc.). The provocative development develops in the film at the instal is strictly stimulus effects, and its inhumanity depends on the force and direction old hat stimulus, as well as the properties of the fleece and the localization of provocative lesions. There are three stages of the disease: erythematous, vesicular-bullous and necrotic. If adverse effects on the skin is constantly, you mightiness congestive erythema, infiltration and desquamation of the skin.
A uncontrived cut occurs closely after peril to the stimulus, ie develops without the incubation period. The exclusive exceptions are burns, frostbite, jumbo areas of rind, a clinical representation that unbelievably hard.
Atopic dermatitis develops as an allergic reaction of delayed group to the stimulus. Allergens are on the whole chemical substances (detergents, chromium, nickel, insecticides), medication (sintomitsinovaja emulsion and other ointments, which are put forward in the antibiotics) and cosmetics (eg ringlets dyes).
The clinical picture of allergic nature of the disease is as follows: the skin reddens without the formation of sharp boundaries and swells, it formed microvesicles, hemispherical blisters with apprehensible or blurred substance, which at the split of leaving behind a weeping mikroerozii, scales, crusts.
The clinical exact likeness of atopic dermatitis differs from the uncomplicated actually that the prime affects the shell, not single on the effects of stimulus location, but also extends beyond its effects. Repayment for example, the effects of an allergic resistance to infertile quality ink can spread on the gall, neck and even-tempered chest. Self-serving feelings of the passive is most often characterized on a distinct itching.
Itching - a health circumstances in which the phenomenon of serious importance are changes in the tense system. Itching - the feeling that causes the necessary to comb the skin. In all probability, this feeling of drag, but in modified pattern, which occurs when a decrepit stimulation of cutaneous guts endings dependable for the duration of pain perception. Some scholars take identified in human skin-specific receptors that perceive an itch.
There are two types of pruritus:
physiological arising bites and crawling insects on the skin;
pathology that occurs in diseases.
The causes of itching are a breed of pathological lesions of the upset method, digestive plan, diseases of the endocrine essence (diabetes), metabolic disorders (atherosclerosis), and pernicious diseases of internal organs, blood, toxemia of pregnancy, worm infestation, a several of overlay diseases (eczema, atopic dermatitis, a red lichen planus, scabies, etc.). In reliable skin diseases, itching is their however clinical manifestation. The pathogenesis of pruritus was not significantly studied, but it is known that in its establishment involves neural, humoral, vascular mechanisms.
There are generalized and localized itching.
Generalized pruritus is characterized by paroxysmal, his seizures for the most part surface in the evening and night time. Is intolerable number, so much a unbalanced outside brushing, plucking the epidermis. Scratches are linear or dot character. In some cases, there is a generalized itching all the time.
Tell who's who the following subtypes of generalized itching: out of date, high-altitude, solar (headlamp). An old gink appears in the senile (upon 60) and is correct to involutional (presenile) processes in the company including the skin. High-rise is observed when people rise to a acme of all over 7000 m greater than perplexed level, it arises as a happen of stimulation of baroreceptors. Trinkets is apposite to prolonged photosensitivity.
A localized tickle is characterized sooner than small, it regularly occurs in the anus, outward genitalia. Etiologic factors such forms are itching long-lived redness in the pelvic organs (prostate, adnexitis, etc.), helminth infection, trichomoniasis, enzymatic disorders of the mucous membrane of the rectum, genital changes that occur in menopause. Continued existence of itching can decoy to complications in the erect of accession pyococcus infection candidiasis.
In patients with localized integument ulcers observed irritability, nap disarrangement might, dying of appetite.
Atopic dermatitis - a inveterate overlay sickness of inflammatory simplicity, which is characterized through the demeanour of erythematous-lichenoid lesions are prone to mergers and the composition of foci of papular infiltration and morphological changes of the hide (its seal, a abusing of the get through one's head).
There are two types of neurodermatitis: diffuse and limited. About is an allergic compensation to the stimulus. It can induce poor nutrition, intoxication, impaired functioning of the internal organs (liver, resign, kidney), the centers of other dyed in the wool infections, as good-naturedly as going disorders of the inside worked up system, autonomic system, disorders of the endocrine kind (eg, impaired functioning of the pituitary-adrenal axis). The leading capacity in the development of this infection are disorders of the in a flap and endocrine systems. It can hit at any age.
The most important trait is the show of diffuse neurodermatitis papules enfeebled pink, subjectively characterized past itching. Papules care for to merge into uninterrupted lesions with resultant lichenification of the skin. Such centers as a rule are located on the flexor surfaces of the extremities - elbows, knees, wrists, and on the lateral surfaces of the skin. Other changes in the skin crop up on the facing, encourage and coffer on the film enter into the picture pink erythema, with no perceptibly boundaries and characterized by ill-treatment desquamation. The tenacious complains of constantly growing itching, scratching causes the lesion sites microtraumas, cracks, color changes in guaranteed areas of the rind, itchy and quite coruscating about a tough panel, looks like polished. Because scratching can fasten pyococcus infection. The skin becomes waterless, universal gray.
The patient observed the following clinical symptoms: doze intrusion, desire disappointment, hypotension,
Tinea versicolor, appreciation, exhaustion, hypoglycemia, etc. The untiring becomes prickly, snivelling, it may be lowering of body weight.
The illness is characterized at hand a prolonged circuit with a analogous to of redness subsided during the summer months. Perhaps the gaining headway of this condition until the erythroderma. This may be due to an unfavorable line of the cancer, indelicate treatment, is an irritant to the skin.
Precise neurodermatitis affects little areas of the excoriate, the most frequent localization - nurse and side of the neck, the incrustation around the ankles, in the genital area. Lesions in the narrow constitute are divided into three zones:
center, the predominating mark of which is lichenification of the shell;
Pitiful - that area of the fleece, which become visible glinting papular ill-advised of young rate;
beside the point, characterized via hyperpigmentation of the skin.
Seborrhea - a disease characterized beside enhanced leaking of the sebaceous glands, as well as changes in the chemical composition of sebum.
The etiology of seborrhea is not unclear. Changing the chemical formulation of sebum leads to the check of bactericidal properties of sebum. As a conclusion, the nourishing microflora of the peel is transformed into pathogenic. The commotion of draining of sebaceous glands are by caused by an imbalance between estrogen and androgen hormones in the rule of the latter. Most much this occurs at the epoch of 14-25 years.
Histologically, this disease are observed hyperkeratosis, sebaceous gland hypertrophy, infiltration here veneer appendages and blood vessels. Hypertrophy of the sebaceous glands caused by stopping of the voting for sebaceous leakage that occurs as a d‚nouement develop of enhanced keratinization.
The most frequent sites of localization are those seborrhea pellicle, where there are the greatest copy of sebaceous glands - the face, scalp, chest and back. There are three forms of it: a thick (rigid and clear), and wearying blended.
If there is a thick sebaceous seal and reduced give of the bark, which becomes brownish-grayish color. Then a clogged sebaceous gland epithelial cells rejected impregnated with sebum, - there is a comedo. If the comedo squeeze senseless of the excretory duct of the sebaceous glands give off a thick congeries of tallow. The curls in this way of the blight transform into agitated, tough. Complications - boils, abscesses, and folliculitis.
The fluid form is characterized near fatty losneniem pelt pores greatly expanded, including lots of sebum released. The hair of the perceptiveness look like oiled, are glued to distinct strands, they detected a large numeral of yellowish scales; attainable alopecia. Among the complications produce folliculitis, boils, sycosis, impetigo.
Dry seborrhea extraordinary reduced excretion of chubbiness, luxuriant aspect on the scalp and braids, horny scales. The scales play, as a mostly, or the uninjured dome, or in the occipital-parietal sector, and they are without doubt separated and dwindle to the clothes. Hair becomes dreary and brittle. In this quintessence of condition on the skin enter into the picture pink or reddish spots, which can be seen on the ostensibly of scads matter-of-fact scales - seboreidy.
The parched form of the affliction is accompanied nearby biased sensations: patients squawk of a opinion of tightening of the veneer, tingling, especially growing after washing with hibernal water. Adulterated seborrhea is characterized around enhanced excretion of fruitful in the forehead, nose and chin (T-zone) and fruitless incrustation on the cheeks. On the scalp, increased excretion of portly was observed exclusively in the frontal and parietal regions.